#Bash 的 genisoimage 命令
genisoimage [OPTION]... PATHSPEC...
功能
创建 ISO9660/Joliet/HFS 文件系统。
类型
可执行文件（/usr/bin/genisoimage），属于 e2fsprogs。
参数
使用 AI 翻译。
OPTION选项：-abstract file- 指定摘要文件名。最多允许 37 个字符。等同于 .genisoimagerc 文件中的 ABST。-A application_id- 指定将写入卷头的文本字符串。这应该描述光盘上的应用程序。最多允许 128 个字符。等同于 .genisoimagerc 文件中的 APPI。-allow-limited-size- 当处理大于 2GiB 且无法在 ISO9660 中轻松表示的文件时，以缩小的可见文件大小将它们添加到 ISO9660，并以正确的可见文件大小添加到 UDF 系统中。这会导致文件系统不一致，用户需要确保他们真正使用 UDF 而不是 ISO9660 驱动程序来读取此类光盘。此选项隐含启用 -udf。-allow-leading-dots- 允许 ISO9660 文件名以句点（.）开头。通常，前导句点会被替换为下划线以保持 MS-DOS 兼容性。这违反了 ISO9660 标准，但在许多系统上碰巧可以工作。请谨慎使用。-ldots- 允许 ISO9660 文件名以句点开头。通常，前导句点会被替换为下划线以保持 MS-DOS 兼容性。这违反了 ISO9660 标准，但在许多系统上碰巧可以工作。请谨慎使用。-allow-lowercase- 此选项允许在 ISO9660 文件名中出现小写字符。这违反了 ISO9660 标准，但在某些系统上碰巧可以工作。请谨慎使用。-allow-multidot- 此选项允许在 ISO9660 文件名中出现多个句点。前导句点不受此选项影响，可以使用 -allow-leading-dots 单独允许。这违反了 ISO9660 标准，但在许多系统上碰巧可以工作。请谨慎使用。-biblio file- 指定书目文件名。最多允许 37 个字符。等同于 .genisoimagerc 文件中的 BIBL。-cache-inodes- 启用缓存 inode 和设备号以查找文件的硬链接。如果 genisoimage 找到一个硬链接（具有多个名称的文件），则该文件也会在 CD 上建立硬链接，因此文件内容只出现一次。这有助于节省空间。-cache-inodes 在类 Unix 操作系统上是默认选项。-no-cache-inodes- 禁用缓存 inode 和设备号。在 Cygwin 等其他一些系统上这是默认选项，因为在这些系统上假定 inode 号是唯一的并不安全。（某些版本的 Cygwin 使用弱散列算法创建伪 inode 号，这可能会产生重复项。）如果两个文件具有相同的 inode 号但不是同一个文件的硬链接，genisoimage -cache-inodes 将无法正确运行。-no-cache-inodes 在所有情况下都是安全的，但在这种情况下 genisoimage 无法检测到硬链接，因此生成的 CD 映像可能会比必要的大。-alpha-boot alpha_boot_image- 指定制作 Alpha/SRM 可启动 CD 时要使用的引导映像的路径和文件名。路径名必须是相对于指定给 genisoimage 的源路径的相对路径。-hppa-bootloader hppa_bootloader_image- 指定制作 HPPA 可启动 CD 时要使用的引导映像的路径和文件名。路径名必须是相对于指定给 genisoimage 的源路径的相对路径。还需要其他选项，至少需要一个内核文件名和一个引导命令行。有关详细信息，请参阅下面的 HPPA NOTES 部分。-hppa-cmdline hppa_boot_command_line- 指定制作可启动 CD 时要传递给 HPPA 引导加载程序的命令行。使用空格或逗号分隔参数。必须向 genisoimage 传递更多选项，至少需要内核文件名和引导加载程序文件名。有关详细信息，请参阅下面的 HPPA NOTES 部分。-hppa-kernel-32 hppa_kernel_32- 指定制作 HPPA 可启动 CD 时要使用的 32 位内核映像的路径和文件名。路径名必须是相对于指定给 genisoimage 的源路径的相对路径。还需要其他选项，至少需要引导加载程序文件名和引导命令行。有关详细信息，请参阅下面的 HPPA NOTES 部分。-hppa-kernel-64 hppa_kernel_64- 指定制作 HPPA 可启动 CD 时要使用的 64 位内核映像的路径和文件名。路径名必须是相对于指定给 genisoimage 的源路径的相对路径。还需要其他选项，至少需要引导加载程序文件名和引导命令行。有关详细信息，请参阅下面的 HPPA NOTES 部分。-hppa-ramdisk hppa_ramdisk_image- 指定制作 HPPA 可启动 CD 时要使用的 ramdisk 映像的路径和文件名。路径名必须是相对于指定给 genisoimage 的源路径的相对路径。此参数是可选的。还需要其他选项，至少需要内核文件名和引导命令行。有关详细信息，请参阅下面的 HPPA NOTES 部分。-mips-boot mips_boot_image- 指定制作 SGI/大端 MIPS 可启动 CD 时要使用的引导映像的路径和文件名。路径名必须是相对于指定给 genisoimage 的源路径的相对路径。此选项可以指定多次，最多可存储 15 个引导映像。-mipsel-boot mipsel_boot_image- 指定制作 DEC/小端 MIPS 可启动 CD 时要使用的引导映像的路径和文件名。路径名必须是相对于指定给 genisoimage 的源路径的相对路径。-B img_sun4,img_sun4c,img_sun4m,img_sun4d,img_sun4e- 指定制作 SPARC 系统可启动 CD 所需的引导映像的逗号分隔列表。分区 0 用于 ISO9660 映像，第一个映像文件映射到分区 1。逗号分隔列表最多可以有 7 个字段，包括空字段。制作 Sun SPARC 系统可启动 CD 需要此选项。如果指定了 -B 或 -sparc-boot，生成映像的第一个扇区将包含一个 Sun 磁盘标签。此磁盘标签将切片 0 指定为 ISO9660 映像，将切片 1 到 7 指定为使用此选项指定的引导映像。每个附加引导映像中的字节偏移量 512 到 8191 必须包含适用于相应 SPARC 架构的主引导程序。每个映像的其余部分通常包含用于初级内核引导阶段的 UFS 文件系统。实现的引导方法是 SunOS 4.x 和 SunOS 5.x 中的方法。但是，它不依赖于 SunOS 内部构件，而仅依赖于 Open Boot prom 的属性，因此它应该可用于 SPARC 系统的任何操作系统。有关更多信息，请参阅下面的 NOTES 部分。如果使用了特殊文件名 ...，则实际及后续所有引导分区都会映射到前一个分区。如果使用 -G image -B ... 调用 genisoimage，所有引导分区将映射到包含 ISO9660 文件系统映像的分区，且该光盘前 16 个扇区中的通用引导映像适用于所有架构。-sparc-boot img_sun4,img_sun4c,img_sun4m,img_sun4d,img_sun4e- 同 -B 选项，指定制作 SPARC 系统可启动 CD 所需的引导映像的逗号分隔列表。-G generic_boot_image- 指定制作通用可启动 CD 时要使用的通用引导映像的路径和文件名。引导映像将放置在 CD 的前 16 个扇区上，位于 ISO9660 主卷描述符之前。如果此选项与 -sparc-boot 一起使用，Sun 磁盘标签将覆盖通用引导映像的前 512 个字节。-b eltorito_boot_image- 指定为 x86 PC 制作 El Torito 可启动 CD 时要使用的引导映像的路径和文件名。路径名必须是相对于指定给 genisoimage 的源路径的相对路径。制作 El Torito 可启动 CD 需要此选项。引导映像必须精确为 1200 kB、1440 kB 或 2880 kB，并且 genisoimage 在创建输出 ISO9660 文件系统时将使用此大小。PC BIOS 将使用该映像来模拟软盘，因此第一个 512 字节扇区应包含 PC 引导代码。例如，如果引导映像是基于 LILO 的引导软盘，这将起作用。如果引导映像不是软盘映像，则需要添加 -hard-disk-boot 或 -no-emul-boot。如果系统不应从模拟磁盘引导，请使用 -no-boot。如果尚未指定 -sort，引导映像将以低优先级 (+2) 排序到介质的开头。如果你不喜欢这样，则需要为引导映像指定为 0 的排序权重。-eltorito-alt-boot- 从一组新的 El Torito 引导参数开始。单张 CD 上最多可存储 63 个 El Torito 引导条目。-hard-disk-boot- 指定用于创建 El Torito 可启动 CD 的引导映像是硬盘映像。该映像必须以包含单个分区的主引导记录（MBR）开头。-no-emul-boot- 指定用于创建 El Torito 可启动 CD 的引导映像是“无模拟”映像。系统将加载并执行此映像，而不执行任何磁盘模拟。-no-boot- 指定创建的 El Torito CD 应标记为不可启动。系统将为该映像提供一个模拟驱动器，但将从标准引导设备启动。-boot-load-seg segment_address- 指定用于无模拟 El Torito CD 的引导映像的加载段地址。-boot-load-size load_sectors- 指定要在无模拟模式下加载的“虚拟”（512 字节）扇区数。默认加载整个引导文件。如果这不为 4 的倍数，某些 BIOS 可能会出现问题。-boot-info-table- 指定在引导文件的偏移量 8 处修补一个包含 CD-ROM 布局信息的 56 字节表格。如果给出此选项，则源文件系统中的引导文件将被修改，因此如果它不易重新生成，请制作此文件的副本！有关此表的说明，请参阅 EL TORITO BOOT INFO TABLE 部分。-C last_sess_start,next_sess_start- 创建 CD Extra 或多区段光盘的第二个区段或更高层级区段的映像时需要此选项。-C 接受由逗号分隔的两个数字。第一个是光盘的最后一个区段中应追加到的第一个扇区。第二个数字是新区段的起始扇区号。正确的数字可以通过调用 wodim -msinfo 检索得到。如果 -C 与 -M 结合使用，genisoimage 将创建一个旨在作为上一个区段的延续的文件系统映像。如果 -C 不与 -M 一起使用，genisoimage 将创建一个旨在用于 CD Extra 的第二个区段的文件系统映像。这是一张多区段 CD，第一区段保存音频数据，第二区段保存 ISO9660 文件系统。-c boot_catalog- 指定引导目录的路径和文件名，这对于 El Torito 可启动 CD 是必需的。路径名必须是相对于指定给 genisoimage 的源路径的相对路径。此文件将被插入到输出树中，而不是在源文件系统中创建，因此请确保指定的文件名不与现有文件冲突，否则它将被排除。通常选择诸如 boot.catalog 之类的名称。如果尚未指定 -sort，引导目录将以低优先级 (+1) 排序到介质的开头。如果你不喜欢这样，则需要为引导目录指定为 0 的排序权重。-check-oldnames- 检查从旧区段导入的所有文件名是否符合 ISO9660 文件命名规则。如果没有此选项，则只检查长度超过 31 个字符的名称，因为这些文件严重违反了 ISO9660 标准。-check-session file- 检查所有旧区段是否符合实际的 genisoimage ISO9660 文件命名规则。这是一个将 -M file -C 0,0 -check-oldnames 组合在一起的高级选项。对于参数 file，请参阅 -M 的描述。-copyright file- 指定版权信息，通常为光盘上的文件名。最多允许 37 个字符。等同于 .genisoimagerc 文件中的 COPY。-d- 不要将句点附加到没有句点的文件中。这违反了 ISO9660 标准，但在许多系统上碰巧可以工作。请谨慎使用。-D- 不使用深层目录重定位，而是按照我们看到它们的方式进行打包。如果未选择 ISO9660:1999，这违反了 ISO9660 标准，但在许多系统上碰巧可以工作。请谨慎使用。-dir-mode mode- 将用于创建映像的目录权限模式覆盖为 mode，如同 chmod(1) 中那样指定为 4 位权限位数字。此选项会自动启用 Rock Ridge 扩展。-dvd-video- 生成符合 DVD-Video 标准的 UDF 文件系统。这是通过对适当文件的内容顺序进行排序并在需要时在文件之间添加填充来实现的。请注意，仅当 DVD-Video 文件名仅包含大写字符时，排序才起作用。请注意，为了获得符合 DVD-Video 标准的文件系统映像，需要准备符合 DVD-Video 标准的目录树。这要求在生成的 DVD 根目录中有一个 VIDEO_TS（全大写）目录，并且通常还有另一个 AUDIO_TS 目录。VIDEO_TS 需要包含符合 DVD-Video 标准的文件系统所需的所有文件（文件名必须全部为大写）。-f- 生成文件系统时遵循符号链接。如果不使用此选项，则在启用 Rock Ridge 的情况下将使用它录入符号链接，否则它们将被忽略。-file-mode mode- 将用于创建映像的常规文件权限模式覆盖为 mode，如同 chmod(1) 中那样指定为 4 位权限位数字。此选项会自动启用 Rock Ridge 扩展。-gid gid- 将从源文件读取的组 ID 覆盖为 gid 的值。指定此选项会自动启用 Rock Ridge 扩展。-gui- 切换为 GUI 的行为模式。目前这会使输出更加冗长，但将来可能会产生其他影响。-graft-points- 允许文件名使用嫁接点。如果使用此选项，将检查所有文件名是否包含嫁接点。文件名在第一个未转义的等号处被划分。如果指定了 -graft-points，则出现的所有“\”和“=”字符必须使用“\”进行转义。-hide glob- 在 ISO9660 或 Rock Ridge 目录中隐藏任何匹配 shell 通配符模式 glob 的文件，使其不可见。glob 可以匹配文件名或路径的任何部分。如果 glob 匹配一个目录，该目录的内容将被隐藏。为了匹配目录名称，请确保路径名不包含尾随的“/”字符。所有隐藏的文件仍将写入输出 CD 映像文件。另请参阅 -hide-joliet 和 README.hide。此选项可多次使用。-hide-list file- 包含要隐藏的 shell 通配符列表的文件。请参阅 -hide。-hidden glob- 为匹配 shell 通配符模式 glob 的文件和目录添加隐藏的（存在）ISO9660 目录属性。此属性将防止这些文件被某些 MS-DOS 和 Windows 命令显示。glob 可以匹配文件名或路径的任何部分。为了匹配目录名称，请确保路径名不包含尾随的“/”字符。此选项可多次使用。-hidden-list file- 包含将获取隐藏属性的 shell 通配符列表的文件。请参阅 -hidden。-hide-joliet glob- 在 Joliet 目录中隐藏匹配 shell 通配符模式 glob 的文件和目录，使其不可见。glob 可以匹配文件名或路径的任何部分。如果 glob 匹配一个目录，该目录的内容将被隐藏。为了匹配目录名称，请确保路径名不包含尾随的“/”字符。所有隐藏的文件仍将写入输出 CD 映像文件。此选项通常与 -hide 一起使用。另请参阅 README.hide。此选项可多次使用。-hide-joliet-list file- 包含要从 Joliet 树中隐藏的 shell 通配符列表的文件。请参阅 -hide-joliet。-hide-joliet-trans-tbl- 从 Joliet 树中隐藏 TRANS.TBL 文件。这些文件在 Joliet 世界中通常没有意义，因为它们列出了真实名称和 ISO9660 名称，而这两者可能都与 Joliet 名称不同。-hide-rr-moved- 在 Rock Ridge 树中将目录 RR_MOVED 重命名为 .rr_moved。似乎不可能在 Rock Ridge 树中完全隐藏 RR_MOVED 目录。此选项只是让不知道此目录用途的人在查看可见目录树时减少困惑。如果你完全不需要 RR_MOVED 目录，你应该使用 -D。请注意，如果指定了 -D，生成的文件系统将不符合 ISO9660 1 级标准，并且在 MS-DOS 上不可读。另请参阅 NOTES 部分。-input-charset charset- 定义本地文件名中使用的字符的输入字符集。要获取有效字符集名称的列表，请调用 genisoimage -input-charset help。要获得 1:1 映射，你可以使用 default 作为字符集名称。基于 DOS 的系统的默认初始值为 cp437，而所有其他系统为 iso8859-1。有关更多详细信息，请参阅下面的 CHARACTER SETS 部分。-output-charset charset- 定义将在 Rock Ridge 文件名中使用的字符的输出字符集。默认为输入字符集。有关更多详细信息，请参阅下面的 CHARACTER SETS 部分。-iso-level level- 设置 ISO9660 一致性级别。有效数字为 1 到 4。在级别 1 中，文件只能包含一个区段，且文件名被限制为 8.3 字符格式。在级别 2 中，文件只能包含一个区段。在级别 3 中，没有任何限制（除 ISO-9660:1988 标准外）。在所有 ISO9660 级别（1 到 3）中，所有文件名均限制为大写字母、数字和下划线（_）。文件名最多 31 个字符，目录嵌套最多 8 层，路径名最多 255 个字符。级别 4 在官方并不存在，但 genisoimage 将其映射为 ISO-9660:1999，即 ISO9660 第 2 版。在级别 4 中，会发出版本号和文件结构版本号设置为 2 的增强型卷描述符。目录嵌套不限于 8 层，文件不需要包含句点且句点没有特殊含义，文件名没有版本号，文件名最多可以是 207 个字符长，如果使用 Rock Ridge 则是 197 个字符。创建版本 2 映像时，genisoimage 会发出一个与主卷描述符类似但不相同的增强型卷描述符。请注意，切勿使用损坏的软件通过假设存在第二个 PVD 副本并将此假定的 PVD 副本修补到 El Torito VD 中来使 ISO9660 映像变得可启动。-J- 除常规 ISO9660 文件名外，还生成 Joliet 目录记录。这主要在光盘用于 Windows 机器时有用。Joliet 文件名以 Unicode 指定，每个路径组件最多可长达 64 个 Unicode 字符。请注意，Joliet 不是标准 — 只有 Microsoft Windows 和 Linux 系统可以读取 Joliet 扩展。为了获得更大的可移植性，请考虑同时使用 Joliet 和 Rock Ridge 扩展。-joliet-long- 允许 Joliet 文件名最多达到 103 个 Unicode 字符，而不是 64 个。这打破了 Joliet 规范，但似乎能起作用。请谨慎使用。-jcharset charset- -J 和 -input-charset charset 的组合。有关更多详细信息，请参阅下面的 CHARACTER SETS 部分。-l- 允许完整的 31 字符文件名。通常 ISO9660 文件名采用与 MS-DOS 兼容的 8.3 格式，尽管 ISO9660 标准允许文件名最长可达 31 个字符。如果使用此选项，光盘在 MS-DOS 系统上可能会很难使用，但在大多数其他系统上可以使用。请谨慎使用。-L- 过时的选项；请改用 -allow-leading-dots。-jigdo-jigdo jigdo_file- 除了文件系统映像外，还生成一个 jigdo .jigdo 元数据文件。有关详细信息，请参阅下面的 JIGDO NOTES 部分。-jigdo-template template_file- 除了文件系统映像外，还生成一个 jigdo .template 文件。有关详细信息，请参阅下面的 JIGDO NOTES 部分。-jigdo-min-file-size size- 指定列在 .jigdo 文件中的文件的最小大小。默认值（也是允许的最小值）为 1KB。有关详细信息，请参阅下面的 JIGDO NOTES 部分。-jigdo-force-md5 path- 指定一个文件模式，其中文件必须包含在由 -md5-list 提供的外部 MD5 列表中。有关详细信息，请参阅下面的 JIGDO NOTES 部分。-jigdo-exclude path- 指定一个文件模式，其中的文件将不会被列在 .jigdo 文件中。有关详细信息，请参阅下面的 JIGDO NOTES 部分。-jigdo-map path- 为 jigdo 文件指定模式映射（例如 Debian=/mirror/debian）。有关详细信息，请参阅下面的 JIGDO NOTES 部分。-md5-list md5_file- 指定一个包含要包含在 .jigdo 文件中的文件的 MD5 校验和、大小和路径名的文件。有关详细信息，请参阅下面的 JIGDO NOTES 部分。-jigdo-template-compress algorithm- 指定用于模板数据的压缩算法。目前支持 gzip 和 bzip2，默认值为 gzip。有关详细信息，请参阅下面的 JIGDO NOTES 部分。-log-file log_file- 将所有错误、警告和信息消息重定向到 log_file，而不是标准错误输出。-m glob- 排除匹配 shell 通配符模式 glob 的文件，不将其写入 CD-ROM。glob 可以匹配文件名部分或完整路径名。此选项可多次使用。例如：genisoimage -o rom -m '*.o' -m core -m foobar 将从映像中排除所有以 .o 结尾或名为 core 或 foobar 的文件。请注意，如果你有一个名为 foobar 的目录，它（当然还有它的所有后代）也会被排除。-exclude-list file- 包含要排除的 shell 通配符列表的文件。请参阅 -m。-max-iso9660-filenames- 允许 ISO9660 文件名最长可达 37 个字符。此选项会启用 -N，因为额外的名称空间是从为文件版本号保留的空间中提取的。这违反了 ISO9660 标准，但在许多系统上碰巧可以工作。尽管符合标准的应用程序需要提供至少 37 个字符的缓冲空间，但使用此选项创建的光盘可能会在进行读取的操作系统中引起缓冲区溢出。请极其小心地使用。-M path- 指定要合并的现有 ISO9660 映像的路径。genisoimage 的输出将是一个新区段，该区段应被写入由 -M 指定的映像的末尾。通常，这需要用于写入映像的 CD 刻录机具有多区段功能。此选项只能与 -C 结合使用。-M device- 指定要合并的现有 ISO9660 映像设备的 SCSI 说明符，其语法与 wodim 的 dev= 参数相同。此选项只能与 -C 结合使用。-dev device- 同 -M device 选项，指定 SCSI 设备说明符。-N- 省略 ISO9660 文件名中的版本号。这违反了 ISO9660 标准，但无论如何都没有人真正使用版本号。请谨慎使用。-new-dir-mode mode- 指定在文件系统映像中创建新目录时使用的模式，即 chmod(1) 中使用的 4 位数字。默认值为 0555。-nobak- 排除 ISO9660 文件系统上的备份文件；也就是文件名包含字符“~”或“#”或以 .bak 结尾的文件。这些通常是 Unix 文本编辑器的备份文件。-no-bak- 同 -nobak 选项，排除 ISO9660 文件系统上的备份文件。-force-rr- 不要对以前的区段使用自动 Rock Ridge 属性识别。这可以解决由例如 NERO Burning ROM 创建的映像的问题。-no-rr- 不要使用以前区段的 Rock Ridge 属性。当 genisoimage 在旧区段上找到非法的 Rock Ridge 签名时，这可能有助于避免问题。-no-split-symlink-components- 不拆分符号链接组件，而是开始一个新的连续区（CE）。这可能会浪费一些空间，但是 SunOS 4.1.4 CD-ROM 驱动程序在读取拆分的符号链接组件时存在错误。目前这个选项是否有用令人怀疑。-no-split-symlink-fields- 不拆分符号链接字段，而是开始一个新的连续区（CE）。这可能会浪费一些空间，但是 SunOS 4.1.4 和 Solaris 2.5.1 CD-ROM 驱动程序在读取拆分的符号链接字段时存在错误（可能会丢掉一个“/”）。目前这个选项是否有用令人怀疑。-o filename- 指定 ISO9660 文件系统映像的输出文件。这可以是磁盘文件、磁带驱动器，也可以直接对应于光盘刻录机的设备名称。如果未指定，则使用标准输出。请注意，输出也可以是常规磁盘分区的块设备，在这种情况下，可以正常挂载 ISO9660 文件系统以验证其生成是否正确。-pad- 在整个映像的末尾填充 150 个扇区（300 kB）。默认情况下启用此选项。如果与 -B 结合使用，填充将插入到 ISO9660 分区和引导分区之间，从而使得第一个引导分区从 16 的倍数的扇区号开始。之所以需要填充，是因为许多操作系统（例如 Linux）在其文件系统 I/O 中存在预读错误。这些错误会导致位于磁道末尾附近的文件读取错误，特别是在以单轨刻录模式写入光盘，或者 CD 音频轨道跟随数据轨道的情况下。-no-pad- 不要在末尾填充 150 个扇区（300 kB），也不要让引导分区从 16 个扇区的倍数开始。-path-list file- 包含要添加到 ISO9660 文件系统的路径规范目录和文件名列表的文件。此路径规范列表在命令行上出现的任何规范之后被处理。如果参数是 -，则从标准输入读取该列表。-P- 过时的选项；请改用 -publisher。-publisher publisher_id- 指定将写入卷头的一段文本字符串。这应该描述 CD-ROM 的发布者，通常带有
PATHSPEC- 源路径
#示例
创建普通镜像
$ genisoimage -o test.iso test-dir
I: -input-charset not specified, using utf-8 (detected in locale settings)
Total translation table size: 0
Total rockridge attributes bytes: 0
Total directory bytes: 112
Path table size(bytes): 10
Max brk space used 0
175 extents written (0 MB)
创建可启动的镜像
$ genisoimage -o boot.iso \ # 输出 boot.iso
-b isolinux.bin \ # 启动映像
-c boot.cat \ # 启动目录的路径
-no-emul-boot \ # 无模拟映像
-boot-load-size 4 \ # 虚拟扇区数
-boot-info-table \ # 将包含 CD-ROM 布局信息的 56 字节表格修补到启动文件的偏移量 8 处
iso-dir # 源目录
#手册
GENISOIMAGE(1) General Commands Manual GENISOIMAGE(1)
NAME
genisoimage - create ISO9660/Joliet/HFS filesystem with optional Rock
Ridge attributes
SYNOPSIS
genisoimage [options] [-o filename] pathspec [pathspec ...]
DESCRIPTION
genisoimage is a pre-mastering program to generate ISO9660/Joliet/HFS
hybrid filesystems.
genisoimage is capable of generating the System Use Sharing Protocol
records (SUSP) specified by the Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol. This
is used to further describe the files in the ISO9660 filesystem to a
Unix host, and provides information such as long filenames, UID/GID,
POSIX permissions, symbolic links, and block and character device
files.
If Joliet or HFS hybrid command line options are specified, genisoimage
will create the additional filesystem metadata needed for Joliet or
HFS. Otherwise genisoimage will generate a pure ISO9660 filesystem.
genisoimage can generate a true (or shared) HFS hybrid filesystem. The
same files are seen as HFS files when accessed from a Macintosh and as
ISO9660 files when accessed from other machines. HFS stands for Hierar‐
chical File System and is the native filesystem used on Macintosh com‐
puters.
As an alternative, genisoimage can generate the Apple Extensions to
ISO9660 for each file. These extensions provide each file with CREATOR,
TYPE and certain Finder flags when accessed from a Macintosh. See the
HFS MACINTOSH FILE FORMATS section below.
genisoimage takes a snapshot of a given directory tree, and generates a
binary image which will correspond to an ISO9660 and/or HFS filesystem
when written to a block device.
Each file written to the ISO9660 filesystem must have a filename in the
8.3 format (up to 8 characters, period, up to 3 characters, all upper‐
case), even if Rock Ridge is in use. This filename is used on systems
that are not able to make use of the Rock Ridge extensions (such as MS-
DOS), and each filename in each directory must be different from the
other filenames in the same directory. genisoimage generally tries to
form correct names by forcing the Unix filename to uppercase and trun‐
cating as required, but often this yields unsatisfactory results when
the truncated names are not all unique. genisoimage assigns weightings
to each filename, and if two names that are otherwise the same are
found, the name with the lower priority is renamed to include a 3-digit
number (guaranteed to be unique). For example, the two files foo.bar
and foo.bar.~1~ could be rendered as FOO.BAR;1 and FOO000.BAR;1.
When used with various HFS options, genisoimage will attempt to recog‐
nise files stored in a number of Apple/Unix file formats and will copy
the data and resource forks as well as any relevant Finder information.
See the HFS MACINTOSH FILE FORMATS section below for more about formats
genisoimage supports.
Note that genisoimage is not designed to communicate with the writer
directly. Most writers have proprietary command sets which vary from
one manufacturer to another, and you need a specialized tool to actu‐
ally burn the disc. wodim is one such tool. The latest version of
wodim is available from http://www.cdrkit.org/.
pathspec is the path of the directory tree to be copied into the
ISO9660 filesystem. Multiple paths can be specified, and genisoimage
will merge the files found in all of the specified path components to
form the filesystem image.
If the option -graft-points has been specified, it is possible to graft
the paths at points other than the root directory, and it is possible
to graft files or directories onto the cdrom image with names different
than what they have in the source filesystem. This is easiest to il‐
lustrate with a couple of examples. Let's start by assuming that a lo‐
cal file ../old.lis exists, and you wish to include it in the cdrom im‐
age.
foo/bar/=../old.lis
will include old.lis in the cdrom image at /foo/bar/old.lis, while
foo/bar/xxx=../old.lis
will include old.lis in the cdrom image at /foo/bar/xxx. The same sort
of syntax can be used with directories as well. genisoimage will cre‐
ate any directories required such that the graft points exist on the
cdrom image — the directories do not need to appear in one of the
paths. By default, any directories that are created on the fly like
this will have permissions 0555 and appear to be owned by the person
running genisoimage. If you wish other permissions or owners of the
intermediate directories, see -uid, -gid, -dir-mode, -file-mode and
-new-dir-mode.
genisoimage will also run on Windows machines when compiled with
Cygnus' cygwin (available from http://www.cygwin.com/). Therefore most
references in this man page to Unix can be replaced with Win32.
OPTIONS
Several options can be specified as defaults in a .genisoimagerc con‐
figuration file, as well as on the command line. If a parameter is
specified in both places, the setting from the command line is used.
For details on the format and possible locations of this file, see
genisoimagerc(5).
-abstract file
Specifies the abstract filename. There is space for 37 charac‐
ters. Equivalent to ABST in the .genisoimagerc file.
-A application_id
Specifies a text string that will be written into the volume
header. This should describe the application that will be on
the disc. There is space for 128 characters. Equivalent to
APPI in the .genisoimagerc file.
-allow-limited-size
When processing files larger than 2GiB which cannot be easily
represented in ISO9660, add them with a shrunk visible file size
to ISO9660 and with the correct visible file size to the UDF
system. The result is an inconsistent filesystem and users need
to make sure that they really use UDF rather than ISO9660 driver
to read a such disk. Implies enabling -udf.
-allow-leading-dots
-ldots Allow ISO9660 filenames to begin with a period. Usually, a
leading dot is replaced with an underscore in order to maintain
MS-DOS compatibility.
This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on
many systems. Use with caution.
-allow-lowercase
This options allows lowercase characters to appear in ISO9660
filenames.
This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on
some systems. Use with caution.
-allow-multidot
This options allows more than one dot to appear in ISO9660 file‐
names. A leading dot is not affected by this option, it may be
allowed separately using -allow-leading-dots.
This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on
many systems. Use with caution.
-biblio file
Specifies the bibliographic filename. There is space for 37
characters. Equivalent to BIBL in the .genisoimagerc file.
-cache-inodes
-no-cache-inodes
Enable or disable caching inode and device numbers to find hard
links to files. If genisoimage finds a hard link (a file with
multiple names), the file will also be hard-linked on the CD, so
the file contents only appear once. This helps to save space.
-cache-inodes is default on Unix-like operating systems, but
-no-cache-inodes is default on some other systems such as Cyg‐
win, because it is not safe to assume that inode numbers are
unique on those systems. (Some versions of Cygwin create fake
inode numbers using a weak hashing algorithm, which may produce
duplicates.) If two files have the same inode number but are
not hard links to the same file, genisoimage -cache-inodes will
not behave correctly. -no-cache-inodes is safe in all situa‐
tions, but in that case genisoimage cannot detect hard links, so
the resulting CD image may be larger than necessary.
-alpha-boot alpha_boot_image
Specifies the path and filename of the boot image to be used
when making an Alpha/SRM bootable CD. The pathname must be rela‐
tive to the source path specified to genisoimage.
-hppa-bootloader hppa_bootloader_image
Specifies the path and filename of the boot image to be used
when making an HPPA bootable CD. The pathname must be relative
to the source path specified to genisoimage. Other options are
required, at the very least a kernel filename and a boot command
line. See the HPPA NOTES section below for more information.
-hppa-cmdline hppa_boot_command_line
Specifies the command line to be passed to the HPPA boot loader
when making a bootable CD. Separate the parameters with spaces
or commas. More options must be passed to genisoimage, at the
very least a kernel filename and the boot loader filename. See
the HPPA NOTES section below for more information.
-hppa-kernel-32 hppa_kernel_32
-hppa-kernel-64 hppa_kernel_64
Specifies the path and filename of the 32-bit and/or 64-bit ker‐
nel images to be used when making an HPPA bootable CD. The path‐
names must be relative to the source path specified to genisoim‐
age. Other options are required, at the very least the boot
loader filename and the boot command line. See the HPPA NOTES
section below for more information.
-hppa-ramdisk hppa_ramdisk_image
Specifies the path and filename of the ramdisk image to be used
when making an HPPA bootable CD. The pathname must be relative
to the source path specified to genisoimage. This parameter is
optional. Other options are required, at the very least a ker‐
nel filename and the boot command line. See the HPPA NOTES sec‐
tion below for more information.
-mips-boot mips_boot_image
Specifies the path and filename of the boot image to be used
when making an SGI/big-endian MIPS bootable CD. The pathname
must be relative to the source path specified to genisoimage.
This option may be specified several times, to store up to 15
boot images.
-mipsel-boot mipsel_boot_image
Specifies the path and filename of the boot image to be used
when making an DEC/little-endian MIPS bootable CD. The pathname
must be relative to the source path specified to genisoimage.
-B img_sun4,img_sun4c,img_sun4m,img_sun4d,img_sun4e
-sparc-boot img_sun4,img_sun4c,img_sun4m,img_sun4d,img_sun4e
Specifies a comma-separated list of boot images that are needed
to make a bootable CD for SPARC systems. Partition 0 is used
for the ISO9660 image, the first image file is mapped to parti‐
tion 1. The comma-separated list may have up to 7 fields, in‐
cluding empty fields. This option is required to make a
bootable CD for Sun SPARC systems. If -B or -sparc-boot has
been specified, the first sector of the resulting image will
contain a Sun disk label. This disk label specifies slice 0 for
the ISO9660 image and slices 1 to 7 for the boot images that
have been specified with this option. Byte offsets 512 to 8191
within each of the additional boot images must contain a primary
boot that works for the appropriate SPARC architecture. The rest
of each of the images usually contains a UFS filesystem used for
the primary kernel boot stage.
The implemented boot method is the one found with SunOS 4.x and
SunOS 5.x. However, it does not depend on SunOS internals but
only on properties of the Open Boot prom, so it should be usable
for any OS for SPARC systems. For more information also see the
NOTES section below.
If the special filename ... is used, the actual and all follow‐
ing boot partitions are mapped to the previous partition. If
genisoimage is called with -G image -B ... all boot partitions
are mapped to the partition that contains the ISO9660 filesystem
image and the generic boot image that is located in the first 16
sectors of the disc is used for all architectures.
-G generic_boot_image
Specifies the path and filename of the generic boot image to be
used when making a generic bootable CD. The boot image will be
placed on the first 16 sectors of the CD, before the ISO9660
primary volume descriptor. If this option is used together with
-sparc-boot, the Sun disk label will overlay the first 512 bytes
of the generic boot image.
-b eltorito_boot_image
Specifies the path and filename of the boot image to be used
when making an El Torito bootable CD for x86 PCs. The pathname
must be relative to the source path specified to genisoimage.
This option is required to make an El Torito bootable CD. The
boot image must be exactly 1200 kB, 1440 kB or 2880 kB, and
genisoimage will use this size when creating the output ISO9660
filesystem. The PC BIOS will use the image to emulate a floppy
disk, so the first 512-byte sector should contain PC boot code.
This will work, for example, if the boot image is a LILO-based
boot floppy.
If the boot image is not an image of a floppy, you need to add
either -hard-disk-boot or -no-emul-boot. If the system should
not boot off the emulated disk, use -no-boot.
If -sort has not been specified, the boot images are sorted with
low priority (+2) to the beginning of the medium. If you don't
like this, you need to specify a sort weight of 0 for the boot
images.
-eltorito-alt-boot
Start with a new set of El Torito boot parameters. Up to 63 El
Torito boot entries may be stored on a single CD.
-hard-disk-boot
Specifies that the boot image used to create El Torito bootable
CDs is a hard disk image. The image must begin with a master
boot record that contains a single partition.
-no-emul-boot
Specifies that the boot image used to create El Torito bootable
CDs is a "no emulation" image. The system will load and execute
this image without performing any disk emulation.
-no-boot
Specifies that the created El Torito CD should be marked as not
bootable. The system will provide an emulated drive for the im‐
age, but will boot off a standard boot device.
-boot-load-seg segment_address
Specifies the load segment address of the boot image for no-emu‐
lation El Torito CDs.
-boot-load-size load_sectors
Specifies the number of "virtual" (512-byte) sectors to load in
no-emulation mode. The default is to load the entire boot file.
Some BIOSes may have problems if this is not a multiple of 4.
-boot-info-table
Specifies that a 56-byte table with information of the CD-ROM
layout will be patched in at offset 8 in the boot file. If this
option is given, the boot file is modified in the source
filesystem, so make a copy of this file if it cannot be easily
regenerated! See the EL TORITO BOOT INFO TABLE section for a
description of this table.
-C last_sess_start,next_sess_start
This option is needed to create a CD Extra or the image of a
second session or a higher-level session for a multisession
disc. -C takes two numbers separated by a comma. The first is
the first sector in the last session of the disc that should be
appended to. The second number is the starting sector number of
the new session. The correct numbers may be retrieved by call‐
ing wodim -msinfo ... If -C is used in conjunction with -M,
genisoimage will create a filesystem image that is intended to
be a continuation of the previous session. If -C is used with‐
out -M, genisoimage will create a filesystem image that is in‐
tended to be used for a second session on a CD Extra. This is a
multisession CD that holds audio data in the first session and
an ISO9660 filesystem in the second session.
-c boot_catalog
Specifies the path and filename of the boot catalog, which is
required for an El Torito bootable CD. The pathname must be rel‐
ative to the source path specified to genisoimage. This file
will be inserted into the output tree and not created in the
source filesystem, so be sure the specified filename does not
conflict with an existing file, or it will be excluded. Usually
a name like boot.catalog is chosen.
If -sort has not been specified, the boot catalog sorted with
low priority (+1) to the beginning of the medium. If you don't
like this, you need to specify a sort weight of 0 for the boot
catalog.
-check-oldnames
Check all filenames imported from the old session for compliance
with the ISO9660 file naming rules. Without this option, only
names longer than 31 characters are checked, as these files are
a serious violation of the ISO9660 standard.
-check-session file
Check all old sessions for compliance with actual genisoimage
ISO9660 file naming rules. This is a high-level option that
combines -M file -C 0,0 -check-oldnames. For the parameter
file, see the description of -M.
-copyright file
Specifies copyright information, typically a filename on the
disc. There is space for 37 characters. Equivalent to COPY in
the .genisoimagerc file.
-d Do not append a period to files that do not have one.
This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on
many systems. Use with caution.
-D Do not use deep directory relocation, and instead just pack them
in the way we see them.
If ISO9660:1999 has not been selected, this violates the ISO9660
standard, but it happens to work on many systems. Use with cau‐
tion.
-dir-mode mode
Overrides the mode of directories used to create the image to
mode, specified as 4 digits of permission bits as in chmod(1).
This option automatically enables Rock Ridge extensions.
-dvd-video
Generate a DVD-Video compliant UDF filesystem. This is done by
sorting the order of the content of the appropriate files and by
adding padding between the files if needed. Note that the sort‐
ing only works if the DVD-Video filenames include uppercase
characters only.
Note that in order to get a DVD-Video compliant filesystem im‐
age, you need to prepare a DVD-Video compliant directory tree.
This requires a directory VIDEO_TS (all caps) in the root direc‐
tory of the resulting DVD, and usually another directory AU‐
DIO_TS. VIDEO_TS needs to include all needed files (filenames
must be all caps) for a compliant DVD-Video filesystem.
-f Follow symbolic links when generating the filesystem. When this
option is not in use, symbolic links will be entered using Rock
Ridge if enabled, otherwise they will be ignored.
-file-mode mode
Overrides the mode of regular files used to create the image to
mode, specified as 4 digits of permission bits as in chmod(1).
This option automatically enables Rock Ridge extensions.
-gid gid
Overrides the group ID read from the source files to the value
of gid. Specifying this option automatically enables Rock Ridge
extensions.
-gui Switch the behaviour for a GUI. This currently makes the output
more verbose but may have other effects in the future.
-graft-points
Allow use of graft points for filenames. If this option is used,
all filenames are checked for graft points. The filename is di‐
vided at the first unescaped equal sign. All occurrences of `\'
and `=' characters must be escaped with `\' if -graft-points has
been specified.
-hide glob
Hide any files matching glob, a shell wildcard pattern, from be‐
ing seen in the ISO9660 or Rock Ridge directory. glob may match
any part of the filename or path. If glob matches a directory,
the contents of that directory will be hidden. In order to
match a directory name, make sure the pathname does not include
a trailing `/' character. All the hidden files will still be
written to the output CD image file. See also -hide-joliet, and
README.hide. This option may be used multiple times.
-hide-list file
A file containing a list of shell wildcards to be hidden. See
-hide.
-hidden glob
Add the hidden (existence) ISO9660 directory attribute for files
and directories matching glob, a shell wildcard pattern. This
attribute will prevent the files from being shown by some MS-DOS
and Windows commands. glob may match any part of the filename
or path. In order to match a directory name, make sure the
pathname does not include a trailing `/' character. This option
may be used multiple times.
-hidden-list file
A file containing a list of shell wildcards to get the hidden
attribute. See -hidden.
-hide-joliet glob
Hide files and directories matching glob, a shell wildcard pat‐
tern, from being seen in the Joliet directory. glob may match
any part of the filename or path. If glob matches a directory,
the contents of that directory will be hidden. In order to
match a directory name, make sure the pathname does not include
a trailing `/' character. All the hidden files will still be
written to the output CD image file. This option is usually
used with -hide. See also README.hide. This option may be used
multiple times.
-hide-joliet-list file
A file containing a list of shell wildcards to be hidden from
the Joliet tree. See -hide-joliet.
-hide-joliet-trans-tbl
Hide the TRANS.TBL files from the Joliet tree. These files usu‐
ally don't make sense in the Joliet world as they list the real
name and the ISO9660 name which may both be different from the
Joliet name.
-hide-rr-moved
Rename the directory RR_MOVED to .rr_moved in the Rock Ridge
tree. It seems to be impossible to completely hide the RR_MOVED
directory from the Rock Ridge tree. This option only makes the
visible tree less confusing for people who don't know what this
directory is for. If you need to have no RR_MOVED directory at
all, you should use -D. Note that if -D has been specified, the
resulting filesystem is not ISO9660 level-1 compliant and will
not be readable on MS-DOS. See also the NOTES section.
-input-charset charset
Input charset that defines the characters used in local file‐
names. To get a list of valid charset names, call genisoimage
-input-charset help. To get a 1:1 mapping, you may use default
as charset name. The default initial values are cp437 on DOS-
based systems and iso8859-1 on all other systems. See the CHAR‐
ACTER SETS section below for more details.
-output-charset charset
Output charset that defines the characters that will be used in
Rock Ridge filenames. Defaults to the input charset. See CHAR‐
ACTER SETS section below for more details.
-iso-level level
Set the ISO9660 conformance level. Valid numbers are 1 to 4.
With level 1, files may only consist of one section and file‐
names are restricted to 8.3 characters.
With level 2, files may only consist of one section.
With level 3, no restrictions (other than ISO-9660:1988) do ap‐
ply.
With all ISO9660 levels from 1 to 3, all filenames are re‐
stricted to uppercase letters, numbers and underscores (_).
Filenames are limited to 31 characters, directory nesting is
limited to 8 levels, and pathnames are limited to 255 charac‐
ters.
Level 4 officially does not exist but genisoimage maps it to
ISO-9660:1999, which is ISO9660 version 2.
With level 4, an enhanced volume descriptor with version number
and file structure version number set to 2 is emitted. Direc‐
tory nesting is not limited to 8 levels, there is no need for a
file to contain a dot and the dot has no special meaning, file‐
names do not have version numbers, and filenames can be up to
207 characters long, or 197 characters if Rock Ridge is used.
When creating Version 2 images, genisoimage emits an enhanced
volume descriptor, similar but not identical to a primary volume
descriptor. Be careful not to use broken software to make
ISO9660 images bootable by assuming a second PVD copy and patch‐
ing this putative PVD copy into an El Torito VD.
-J Generate Joliet directory records in addition to regular ISO9660
filenames. This is primarily useful when the discs are to be
used on Windows machines. Joliet filenames are specified in
Unicode and each path component can be up to 64 Unicode charac‐
ters long. Note that Joliet is not a standard — only Microsoft
Windows and Linux systems can read Joliet extensions. For
greater portability, consider using both Joliet and Rock Ridge
extensions.
-joliet-long
Allow Joliet filenames to be up to 103 Unicode characters, in‐
stead of 64. This breaks the Joliet specification, but appears
to work. Use with caution.
-jcharset charset
A combination of -J -input-charset charset. See the CHARACTER
SETS section below for more details.
-l Allow full 31-character filenames. Normally the ISO9660 file‐
name will be in an 8.3 format which is compatible with MS-DOS,
even though the ISO9660 standard allows filenames of up to 31
characters. If you use this option, the disc may be difficult
to use on a MS-DOS system, but will work on most other systems.
Use with caution.
-L Outdated option; use -allow-leading-dots instead.
-jigdo-jigdo jigdo_file
Produce a jigdo .jigdo metadata file as well as the filesystem
image. See the JIGDO NOTES section below for more information.
-jigdo-template template_file
Produce a jigdo .template file as well as the filesystem image.
See the JIGDO NOTES section below for more information.
-jigdo-min-file-size size
Specify the minimum size for a file to be listed in the .jigdo
file. Default (and minimum allowed) is 1KB. See the JIGDO NOTES
section below for more information.
-jigdo-force-md5 path
Specify a file pattern where files must be contained in the ex‐
ternally-supplied MD5 list as supplied by -md5-list. See the
JIGDO NOTES section below for more information.
-jigdo-exclude path
Specify a file pattern where files will not be listed in the
.jigdo file. See the JIGDO NOTES section below for more informa‐
tion.
-jigdo-map path
Specify a pattern mapping for the jigdo file (e.g. Debian=/mir‐
ror/debian). See the JIGDO NOTES section below for more infor‐
mation.
-md5-list md5_file
Specify a file containing the MD5sums, sizes and pathnames of
the files to be included in the .jigdo file. See the JIGDO NOTES
section below for more information.
-jigdo-template-compress algorithm
Specify a compression algorithm to use for template date. gzip
and bzip2 are currently supported, and gzip is the default. See
the JIGDO NOTES section below for more information.
-log-file log_file
Redirect all error, warning and informational messages to
log_file instead of the standard error.
-m glob
Exclude files matching glob, a shell wildcard pattern, from be‐
ing written to CD-ROM. glob may match either the filename com‐
ponent or the full pathname. This option may be used multiple
times. For example:
genisoimage -o rom -m '*.o' -m core -m foobar
would exclude all files ending in `.o', or called core or foobar
from the image. Note that if you had a directory called foobar,
it too (and of course all its descendants) would be excluded.
-exclude-list file
A file containing a list of shell wildcards to be excluded. See
-m.
-max-iso9660-filenames
Allow ISO9660 filenames to be up to 37 characters long. This
option enables -N as the extra name space is taken from the
space reserved for file version numbers.
This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on
many systems. Although a conforming application needs to pro‐
vide a buffer space of at least 37 characters, discs created
with this option may cause a buffer overflow in the reading op‐
erating system. Use with extreme care.
-M path
-M device
-dev device
Specifies path to existing ISO9660 image to be merged. The al‐
ternate form takes a SCSI device specifier that uses the same
syntax as the dev= parameter of wodim. The output of genisoim‐
age will be a new session which should get written to the end of
the image specified in -M. Typically this requires multisession
capability for the CD recorder used to write the image. This
option may only be used in conjunction with -C.
-N Omit version numbers from ISO9660 filenames.
This violates the ISO9660 standard, but no one really uses the
version numbers anyway. Use with caution.
-new-dir-mode mode
Specify the mode, a 4-digit number as used in chmod(1), to use
when creating new directories in the filesystem image. The de‐
fault is 0555.
-nobak
-no-bak
Exclude backup files files on the ISO9660 filesystem; that is,
filenames that contain the characters `~' or `#' or end in .bak.
These are typically backup files for Unix text editors.
-force-rr
Do not use the automatic Rock Ridge attributes recognition for
previous sessions. This can work around problems with images
created by, e.g., NERO Burning ROM.
-no-rr Do not use the Rock Ridge attributes from previous sessions.
This may help to avoid problems when genisoimage finds illegal
Rock Ridge signatures on an old session.
-no-split-symlink-components
Don't split the symlink components, but begin a new Continuation
Area (CE) instead. This may waste some space, but the SunOS
4.1.4 cdrom driver has a bug in reading split symlink compo‐
nents.
It is questionable whether this option is useful nowadays.
-no-split-symlink-fields
Don't split the symlink fields, but begin a new Continuation
Area (CE) instead. This may waste some space, but the SunOS
4.1.4 and Solaris 2.5.1 cdrom driver have a bug in reading split
symlink fields (a `/' can be dropped).
It is questionable whether this option is useful nowadays.
-o filename
Specify the output file for the the ISO9660 filesystem image.
This can be a disk file, a tape drive, or it can correspond di‐
rectly to the device name of the optical disc writer. If not
specified, stdout is used. Note that the output can also be a
block device for a regular disk partition, in which case the
ISO9660 filesystem can be mounted normally to verify that it was
generated correctly.
-pad Pad the end of the whole image by 150 sectors (300 kB). This
option is enabled by default. If used in combination with -B,
padding is inserted between the ISO9660 partition and the boot
partitions, such that the first boot partition starts on a sec‐
tor number that is a multiple of 16.
The padding is needed as many operating systems (e.g. Linux) im‐
plement read-ahead bugs in their filesystem I/O. These bugs re‐
sult in read errors on files that are located near the end of a
track, particularly if the disc is written in Track At Once
mode, or where a CD audio track follows the data track.
-no-pad
Do not pad the end by 150 sectors (300 kB) and do not make the
the boot partitions start on a multiple of 16 sectors.
-path-list file
A file containing a list of pathspec directories and filenames
to be added to the ISO9660 filesystem. This list of pathspecs
are processed after any that appear on the command line. If the
argument is -, the list is read from the standard input.
-P Outdated option; use -publisher instead.
-publisher publisher_id
Specifies a text string that will be written into the volume
header. This should describe the publisher of the CD-ROM, usu‐
ally with a mailing address and phone number. There is space
for 128 characters. Equivalent to PUBL in the .genisoimagerc
file.
-p preparer_id
Specifies a text string that will be written into the volume
header. This should describe the preparer of the CD-ROM, usu‐
ally with a mailing address and phone number. There is space
for 128 characters. Equivalent to PREP in the .genisoimagerc
file.
-print-size
Print estimated filesystem size in multiples of the sector size
(2048 bytes) and exit. This option is needed for Disk At Once
mode and with some CD-R drives when piping directly into wodim,
cases where wodim needs to know the size of the filesystem image
in advance. Old versions of mkisofs wrote this information
(among other information) to stderr. As this turns out to be
hard to parse, the number without any other information is now
printed on stdout too. If you like to write a simple shell
script, redirect stderr and catch the number from stdout. This
may be done with:
cdblocks=` genisoimage -print-size -quiet ... `
genisoimage ... | wodim ... tsize=${cdblocks}s -
-quiet This makes genisoimage even less verbose. No progress output
will be provided.
-R Generate SUSP and RR records using the Rock Ridge protocol to
further describe the files on the ISO9660 filesystem.
-r This is like the -R option, but file ownership and modes are set
to more useful values. The uid and gid are set to zero, because
they are usually only useful on the author's system, and not
useful to the client. All the file read bits are set true, so
that files and directories are globally readable on the client.
If any execute bit is set for a file, set all of the execute
bits, so that executables are globally executable on the client.
If any search bit is set for a directory, set all of the search
bits, so that directories are globally searchable on the client.
All write bits are cleared, because the filesystem will be
mounted read-only in any case. If any of the special mode bits
are set, clear them, because file locks are not useful on a
read-only filesystem, and set-id bits are not desirable for uid
0 or gid 0. When used on Win32, the execute bit is set on all
files. This is a result of the lack of file permissions on Win32
and the Cygwin POSIX emulation layer. See also -uid, -gid,
-dir-mode, -file-mode and -new-dir-mode.
-relaxed-filenames
Allows ISO9660 filenames to include all 7-bit ASCII characters
except lowercase letters.
This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on
many systems. Use with caution.
-root dir
Moves all files and directories into dir in the image. This is
essentially the same as using -graft-points and adding dir in
front of every pathspec, but is easier to use. dir may actually
be several levels deep. It is created with the same permissions
as other graft points.
-old-root dir
This option is necessary when writing a multisession image and
the previous (or even older) session was written with -root dir.
Using a directory name not found in the previous session causes
genisoimage to abort with an error. Without this option,
genisoimage would not be able to find unmodified files and would
be forced to write their data into the image once more. -root
and -old-root are meant to be used together to do incremental
backups. The initial session would e.g. use: genisoimage -root
backup_1 dirs. The next incremental backup with genisoimage
-root backup_2 -old-root backup_1 dirs would take another snap‐
shot of these directories. The first snapshot would be found in
backup_1, the second one in backup_2, but only modified or new
files need to be written into the second session. Without these
options, new files would be added and old ones would be pre‐
served. But old ones would be overwritten if the file was modi‐
fied. Recovering the files by copying the whole directory back
from CD would also restore files that were deleted intention‐
ally. Accessing several older versions of a file requires sup‐
port by the operating system to choose which sessions are to be
mounted.
-sort sort_file
Sort file locations on the media. Sorting is controlled by a
file that contains pairs of filenames and sorting offset weight‐
ing. If the weighting is higher, the file will be located
closer to the beginning of the media, if the weighting is lower,
the file will be located closer to the end of the media. There
must be only one space or tabs character between the filename
and the weight and the weight must be the last characters on a
line. The filename is taken to include all the characters up to,
but not including the last space or tab character on a line.
This is to allow for space characters to be in, or at the end of
a filename. This option does not sort the order of the file‐
names that appear in the ISO9660 directory. It sorts the order
in which the file data is written to the CD image, which is use‐
ful in order to optimize the data layout on a CD. See
README.sort for more details.
-sparc-boot img_sun4,img_sun4c,img_sun4m,img_sun4d,img_sun4e
See -B above.
-sparc-label label
Set the Sun disk label name for the Sun disk label that is cre‐
ated with -sparc-boot.
-split-output
Split the output image into several files of approximately 1 GB
each. This helps to create DVD-sized ISO9660 images on operat‐
ing systems without large file support. wodim will concatenate
more than one file into a single track if writing to a DVD. To
make -split-output work, -o filename must be specified. The re‐
sulting output images will be named: filename_00, filename_01,
filename_02....
-stream-media-size #
Select streaming operation and set the media size to # sectors.
This allows you to pipe the output of the tar(1) program into
genisoimage and to create an ISO9660 filesystem without the need
of an intermediate tar archive file. If this option has been
specified, genisoimage reads from stdin and creates a file with
the name STREAM.IMG. The maximum size of the file (with
padding) is 200 sectors less than the specified media size. If
-no-pad has been specified, the file size is 50 sectors less
than the specified media size. If the file is smaller,
genisoimage will write padding. This may take awhile.
The option -stream-media-size creates simple ISO9660 filesystems
only and may not used together with multisession or hybrid
filesystem options.
-stream-file-name name
Reserved for future use.
-sunx86-boot UFS_img,,,AUX1_img
Specifies a comma-separated list of filesystem images that are
needed to make a bootable CD for Solaris x86 systems.
Note that partition 1 is used for the ISO9660 image and that
partition 2 is the whole disk, so partition 1 and 2 may not be
used by external partition data. The first image file is mapped
to partition 0. There may be empty fields in the comma-sepa‐
rated list, and list entries for partition 1 and 2 must be
empty. The maximum number of supported partitions is 8 (al‐
though the Solaris x86 partition table could support up to 16
partitions), so it is impossible to specify more than 6 parti‐
tion images. This option is required to make a bootable CD for
Solaris x86 systems.
If -sunx86-boot has been specified, the first sector of the re‐
sulting image will contain a PC fdisk label with a Solaris type
0x82 fdisk partition that starts at offset 512 and spans the
whole CD. In addition, for the Solaris type 0x82 fdisk parti‐
tion, there is a SVr4 disk label at offset 1024 in the first
sector of the CD. This disk label specifies slice 0 for the
first (usually UFS type) filesystem image that is used to boot
the PC and slice 1 for the ISO9660 image. Slice 2 spans the
whole CD slice 3 ... slice 7 may be used for additional filesys‐
tem images that have been specified with this option.
A Solaris x86 boot CD uses a 1024 byte sized primary boot that
uses the El-Torito no-emulation boot mode and a secondary
generic boot that is in CD sectors 1..15. For this reason, both
-b bootimage -no-emul-boot and -G genboot must be specified.
-sunx86-label label
Set the SVr4 disk label name for the SVr4 disk label that is
created with -sunx86-boot.
-sysid ID
Specifies the system ID. There is space for 32 characters.
Equivalent to SYSI in the .genisoimagerc file.
-T Generate a file TRANS.TBL in each directory on the CD-ROM, which
can be used on non-Rock Ridge-capable systems to help establish
the correct filenames. There is also information present in the
file that indicates the major and minor numbers for block and
character devices, and each symlink has the name of the link
file given.
-table-name table_name
Alternative translation table filename (see above). Implies -T.
If you are creating a multisession image you must use the same
name as in the previous session.
-ucs-level level
Set Unicode conformance level in the Joliet SVD. The default
level is 3. It may be set to 1..3 using this option.
-udf Include UDF filesystem support in the generated filesystem im‐
age. UDF support is currently in alpha status and for this rea‐
son, it is not possible to create UDF-only images. UDF data
structures are currently coupled to the Joliet structures, so
there are many pitfalls with the current implementation. There
is no UID/GID support, there is no POSIX permission support,
there is no support for symlinks. Note that UDF wastes the
space from sector ~20 to sector 256 at the beginning of the disc
in addition to the space needed for real UDF data structures.
-uid uid
Overrides the uid read from the source files to the value of
uid. Specifying this option automatically enables Rock Ridge
extensions.
-use-fileversion
The option -use-fileversion allows genisoimage to use file ver‐
sion numbers from the filesystem. If the option is not speci‐
fied, genisoimage creates a version number of 1 for all files.
File versions are strings in the range ;1 to ;32767 This option
is the default on VMS.
-U Allows "untranslated" filenames, completely violating the
ISO9660 standards described above. Enables the following flags:
-d -l -N -allow-leading-dots -relaxed-filenames -allow-lowercase
-allow-multidot -no-iso-translate. Allows more than one `.'
character in the filename, as well as mixed-case filenames.
This is useful on HP-UX, where the built-in cdfs filesystem does
not recognize any extensions. Use with extreme caution.
-no-iso-translate
Do not translate the characters `#' and `~' which are invalid
for ISO9660 filenames. Although invalid, these characters are
often used by Microsoft systems.
This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on
many systems. Use with caution.
-V volid
Specifies the volume ID (volume name or label) to be written
into the master block. There is space for 32 characters.
Equivalent to VOLI in the .genisoimagerc file. The volume ID is
used as the mount point by the Solaris volume manager and as a
label assigned to a disc on various other platforms such as Win‐
dows and Apple Mac OS.
-volset ID
Specifies the volume set ID. There is space for 128 characters.
Equivalent to VOLS in the .genisoimagerc file.
-volset-size #
Sets the volume set size to #. The volume set size is the num‐
ber of CDs that are in a CD volume set. A volume set is a col‐
lection of one or more volumes, on which a set of files is
recorded.
Volume Sets are not intended to be used to create a set numbered
CDs that are part of e.g. a Operation System installation set of
CDs. Volume Sets are rather used to record a big directory tree
that would not fit on a single volume. Each volume of a Volume
Set contains a description of all the directories and files that
are recorded on the volumes where the sequence numbers are less
than, or equal to, the assigned Volume Set Size of the current
volume.
genisoimage currently does not support a -volset-size that is
larger than 1.
The option -volset-size must be specified before -volset-seqno
on each command line.
-volset-seqno #
Sets the volume set sequence number to #. The volume set se‐
quence number is the index number of the current CD in a CD set.
The option -volset-size must be specified before -volset-seqno
on each command line.
-v Verbose execution. If given twice on the command line, extra de‐
bug information will be printed.
-x glob
Identical to -m glob.
-z Generate special RRIP records for transparently compressed
files. This is only of use and interest for hosts that support
transparent decompression, such as Linux 2.4.14 or later. You
must specify -R or -r to enable Rock Ridge, and generate com‐
pressed files using the mkzftree utility before running
genisoimage. Note that transparent compression is a nonstandard
Rock Ridge extension. The resulting disks are only transpar‐
ently readable if used on Linux. On other operating systems you
will need to call mkzftree by hand to decompress the files.
HFS OPTIONS
-hfs Create an ISO9660/HFS hybrid CD. This option should be used in
conjunction with the -map, -magic and/or the various double dash
options given below.
-apple Create an ISO9660 CD with Apple's extensions. Similar to -hfs,
except that the Apple Extensions to ISO9660 are added instead of
creating an HFS hybrid volume. Former genisoimage versions did
include Rock Ridge attributes by default if -apple was speci‐
fied. This versions of genisoimage does not do this anymore. If
you like to have Rock Ridge attributes, you need to specify this
separately.
-map mapping_file
Use the mapping_file to set the CREATOR and TYPE information for
a file based on the filename's extension. A filename is mapped
only if it is not one of the know Apple/Unix file formats. See
the HFS CREATOR/TYPE section below.
-magic magic_file
The CREATOR and TYPE information is set by using a file's magic
number (usually the first few bytes of a file). The magic_file
is only used if a file is not one of the known Apple/Unix file
formats, or the filename extension has not been mapped using
-map. See the HFS CREATOR/TYPE section below for more details.
-hfs-creator creator
Set the default CREATOR for all files. Must be exactly 4 charac‐
ters. See the HFS CREATOR/TYPE section below for more details.
-hfs-type type
Set the default TYPE for all files. Must be exactly 4 charac‐
ters. See the HFS CREATOR/TYPE section below for more details.
-probe Search the contents of files for all the known Apple/Unix file
formats. See the HFS MACINTOSH FILE FORMATS section below for
more about these formats. However, the only way to check for
MacBinary and AppleSingle files is to open and read them, so
this option may increase processing time. It is better to use
one or more double dash options given below if the Apple/Unix
formats in use are known.
-no-desktop
Do not create (empty) Desktop files. New HFS Desktop files will
be created when the CD is used on a Macintosh (and stored in the
System Folder). By default, empty Desktop files are added to
the HFS volume.
-mac-name
Use the HFS filename as the starting point for the ISO9660,
Joliet and Rock Ridge filenames. See the HFS MACINTOSH FILENAMES
section below for more information.
-boot-hfs-file driver_file
Installs the driver_file that may make the CD bootable on a Mac‐
intosh. See the HFS BOOT DRIVER section below. (Alpha).
-part Generate an HFS partition table. By default, no partition table
is generated, but some older Macintosh CD-ROM drivers need an
HFS partition table on the CD-ROM to be able to recognize a hy‐
brid CD-ROM.
-auto AutoStart_file
Make the HFS CD use the QuickTime 2.0 Autostart feature to
launch an application or document. The given filename must be
the name of a document or application located at the top level
of the CD. The filename must be less than 12 characters. (Al‐
pha).
-cluster-size size
Set the size in bytes of the cluster or allocation units of PC
Exchange files. Implies --exchange. See the HFS MACINTOSH FILE
FORMATS section below.
-hide-hfs glob
Hide glob, a shell wildcard pattern, from the HFS volume. The
file or directory will still exist in the ISO9660 and/or Joliet
directory. glob may match any part of the filename. Multiple
globs may be excluded. Example:
genisoimage -o rom -hfs -hide-hfs '*.o' -hide-hfs foobar
would exclude all files ending in `.o' or called foobar from the
HFS volume. Note that if you had a directory called foobar, it
too (and of course all its descendants) would be excluded. The
glob can also be a path name relative to the source directories
given on the command line. Example:
genisoimage -o rom -hfs -hide-hfs src/html src
would exclude just the file or directory called html from the
src directory. Any other file or directory called html in the
tree will not be excluded. Should be used with -hide and/or
-hide-joliet. In order to match a directory name, make sure the
pattern does not include a trailing `/' character. See
README.hide for more details.
-hide-hfs-list file
Specify a file containing a list of wildcard patterns to be hid‐
den as in -hide-hfs.
-hfs-volid hfs_volid
Volume name for the HFS partition. This is the name that is as‐
signed to the disc on a Macintosh and replaces the volid used
with -V.
-icon-position
Use the icon position information, if it exists, from the Ap‐
ple/Unix file. The icons will appear in the same position as
they would on a Macintosh desktop. Folder location and size on
screen, its scroll positions, folder View (view as Icons, Small
Icons, etc.) are also preserved. (Alpha).
-root-info file
Set the location, size on screen, scroll positions, folder View
etc. for the root folder of an HFS volume. See README.rootinfo
for more information. (Alpha)
-prep-boot file
PReP boot image file. Up to 4 are allowed. See README.prep_boot
for more information. (Alpha)
-chrp-boot
Add CHRP boot header.
-input-hfs-charset charset
Input charset that defines the characters used in HFS filenames
when used with -mac-name. The default charset is cp10000 (Mac
Roman). See the CHARACTER SETS and HFS MACINTOSH FILENAMES sec‐
tions below for more details.
-output-hfs-charset charset
Output charset that defines the characters that will be used in
the HFS filenames. Defaults to the input charset. See the CHAR‐
ACTER SETS section below for more details.
-hfs-unlock
By default, genisoimage will create an HFS volume that is
locked. This option leaves the volume unlocked so that other
applications (e.g. hfsutils) can modify the volume. See the HFS
PROBLEMS/LIMITATIONS section below for warnings about using this
option.
-hfs-bless folder_name
"Bless" the given directory (folder). This is usually the System
Folder and is used in creating HFS bootable CDs. The name of the
directory must be the whole path name as genisoimage sees it.
E.g., if the given pathspec is ./cddata and the required folder
is called System Folder, the whole path name is "/cddata/System
Folder" (remember to use quotes if the name contains spaces).
-hfs-parms parameters
Override certain parameters used to create the HFS filesystem.
Unlikely to be used in normal circumstances. See the lib‐
hfs_iso/hybrid.h source file for details.
--cap Look for AUFS CAP Macintosh files. Search for CAP Apple/Unix
file formats only. Searching for the other possible Apple/Unix
file formats is disabled, unless other double dash options are
given.
--netatalk
Look for NETATALK Macintosh files
--double
Look for AppleDouble Macintosh files
--ethershare
Look for Helios EtherShare Macintosh files
--ushare
Look for IPT UShare Macintosh files
--exchange
Look for PC Exchange Macintosh files
--sgi Look for SGI Macintosh files
--xinet
Look for XINET Macintosh files
--macbin
Look for MacBinary Macintosh files
--single
Look for AppleSingle Macintosh files
--dave Look for Thursby Software Systems DAVE Macintosh files
--sfm Look for Microsoft's Services for Macintosh files (NT only) (Al‐
pha)
--osx-double
Look for Mac OS X AppleDouble Macintosh files
--osx-hfs
Look for Mac OS X HFS Macintosh files
CHARACTER SETS
genisoimage processes filenames in a POSIX-compliant way as strings of
8-bit characters. To represent all codings for all languages, 8-bit
characters are not sufficient. Unicode or ISO-10646 define character
codings that need at least 21 bits to represent all known languages.
They may be represented with UTF-32, UTF-16 or UTF-8 coding. UTF-32
uses a plain 32-bit coding but seems to be uncommon. UTF-16 is used by
Microsoft with Win32 with the disadvantage that 16-bit characters are
not compliant with the POSIX filesystem interface.
Modern Unix operating systems may use UTF-8 coding for filenames. Each
32-bit character is represented by one or more 8-bit characters. If a
character is coded in ISO-8859-1 (used in Central Europe and North
America) is maps 1:1 to a UTF-32 or UTF-16 coded Unicode character. If
a character is coded in 7-Bit ASCII (used in USA and other countries
with limited character set) is maps 1:1 to a UTF-32, UTF-16 or UTF-8
coded Unicode character. Character codes that cannot be represented as
a single byte in UTF-8 (if the value is > 0x7F) use escape sequences
that map to more than one 8-bit character.
If all operating systems used UTF-8, genisoimage would not need to re‐
code characters in filenames. Unfortunately, Apple uses completely
nonstandard codings and Microsoft uses a Unicode coding that is not
compatible with the POSIX filename interface.
For all non-UTF-8-coded operating systems, the actual character that
each byte represents depends on the character set or codepage (the name
used by Microsoft) used by the local operating system — the characters
in a character set will reflect the region or natural language set by
the user.
Usually character codes 0x00-0x1f are control characters, codes
0x20-0x7f are the 7-bit ASCII characters and (on PCs and Macs)
0x80-0xff are used for other characters.
As there are a lot more than 256 characters/symbols in use, only a
small subset are represented in a character set. Therefore the same
character code may represent a different character in different charac‐
ter sets. So a filename generated, say in central Europe, may not dis‐
play the same character when viewed on a machine in, say eastern Eu‐
rope.
To make matters more complicated, different operating systems use dif‐
ferent character sets for the region or language. For example, the
character code for `é' (small e with acute accent) may be character
code 0x82 on a PC, code 0x8e on a Macintosh, code 0xe9 on a Unix system
in western Europe, and code 0x000e9 in Unicode.
As long as not all operating systems and applications use the same
character set as the basis for filenames, it may be necessary to spec‐
ify which character set your filenames use in and which character set
the filenames should appear on the CD.
There are four options to specify the character sets you want to use:
-input-charset
Defines the local character set you are using on your host ma‐
chine. Any character set conversions that take place will use
this character set as the starting point. The default input
character sets are cp437 on MS-DOS-based systems and iso8859-1
on all other systems. If -J is given, the Unicode equivalents
of the input character set will be used in the Joliet directory.
-jcharset is the same as -input-charset -J.
-output-charset
Defines the character set that will be used with for the Rock
Ridge names on the CD. Defaults to the input character set.
-input-hfs-charset
Defines the HFS character set used for HFS filenames decoded
from any of the various Apple/Unix file formats. Only useful
when used with -mac-name. See the HFS MACINTOSH FILENAMES for
more information. Defaults to cp10000 (Mac Roman).
-output-hfs-charset
Defines the HFS character set used to create HFS filenames from
the input character set in use. In most cases this will be from
the character set given with -input-charset. Defaults to the
input HFS character set.
There are a number of character sets built in to genisoimage. To get a
listing, use -input-charset help. This list doesn't include the
charset derived from the current locale, if genisoimage is built with
iconv support.
Additional character sets can be read from file for any of the charac‐
ter set options by giving a filename as the argument to the options.
The given file will only be read if its name does not match one of the
built-in character sets.
The format of the character set files is the same as the mapping files
available from http://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS. This format is:
Column #1 is the input byte code (in hex as 0xXX)
Column #2 is the Unicode (in hex as 0xXXXX)
The rest of the line is ignored.
Any blank line, line without two (or more) columns in the above format
or comments lines (starting with the # character) are ignored without
any warnings. Any missing input code is mapped to Unicode character
0x0000.
Note that, while UTF-8 is supported, other Unicode encodings such as
UCS-2/UTF-16 and UCS-4/UTF-32 are not, as POSIX operating systems can‐
not handle them natively.
A 1:1 character set mapping can be defined by using the keyword default
as the argument to any of the character set options. This is the behav‐
iour of old versions of mkisofs.
The ISO9660 filenames generated from the input filenames are not con‐
verted from the input character set. The ISO9660 character set is a
very limited subset of the ASCII characters, so any conversion would be
pointless.
Any character that genisoimage cannot convert will be replaced with a
`_' character.
HFS CREATOR/TYPE
A Macintosh file has two properties associated with it which define
which application created the file, the CREATOR and what data the file
contains, the TYPE. Both are (exactly) 4 letter strings. Usually this
allows a Macintosh user to double-click on a file and launch the cor‐
rect application etc. The CREATOR and TYPE of a particular file can be
found by using something like ResEdit (or similar) on a Macintosh.
The CREATOR and TYPE information is stored in all the various Ap‐
ple/Unix encoded files. For other files it is possible to base the
CREATOR and TYPE on the filename's extension using a mapping file (with
-map) and/or using the magic number (usually a signature in the first
few bytes) of a file (with -magic). If both these options are given,
their order on the command line is significant. If -map is given
first, a filename extension match is attempted before a magic number
match. However, if -magic is given first, a magic number match is at‐
tempted before a filename extension match.
If a mapping or magic file is not used, or no match is found, the de‐
fault CREATOR and TYPE for all regular files can be set by using en‐
tries in the .genisoimagerc file or using -hfs-creator and/or
-hfs-type, otherwise the default CREATOR and TYPE are Unix and TEXT.
The format of the mapping file is the same afpfile format as used by
aufs. This file has five columns for the extension, file translation,
CREATOR, TYPE and Comment. Lines starting with the `#' character are
comment lines and are ignored. An example file would be like:
# Example filename mapping file
#
# EXTN XLate CREATOR TYPE Comment
.tif Raw '8BIM' 'TIFF' "Photoshop TIFF image"
.hqx Ascii 'BnHq' 'TEXT' "BinHex file"
.doc Raw 'MSWD' 'WDBN' "Word file"
.mov Raw 'TVOD' 'MooV' "QuickTime Movie"
* Ascii 'ttxt' 'TEXT' "Text file"
Where:
The first column EXTN defines the Unix filename extension to be
mapped. The default mapping for any filename extension that
doesn't match is defined with the `*' character.
The Xlate column defines the type of text translation between
the Unix and Macintosh file it is ignored by genisoimage, but is
kept to be compatible with aufs(1). Although genisoimage does
not alter the contents of a file, if a binary file has its TYPE
set as TEXT, it may be read incorrectly on a Macintosh. There‐
fore a better choice for the default TYPE may be ????.
The CREATOR and TYPE keywords must be 4 characters long and en‐
closed in single quotes.
The comment field is enclosed in double quotes — it is ignored
by genisoimage, but is kept to be compatible with aufs.
The format of the magic file is almost identical to the magic(5) file
used by the file(1) command.
This file has four tab-separated columns for the byte offset, type,
test and message. Lines starting with the `#' character are comment
lines and are ignored. An example file would be like:
# Example magic file
#
# off type test message
0 string GIF8 8BIM GIFf GIF image
0 beshort 0xffd8 8BIM JPEG image data
0 string SIT! SIT! SIT! StuffIt Archive
0 string \037\235 LZIV ZIVU standard Unix compress
0 string \037\213 GNUz ZIVU gzip compressed data
0 string %! ASPS TEXT Postscript
0 string \004%! ASPS TEXT PC Postscript with a ^D to start
4 string moov txtt MooV QuickTime movie file (moov)
4 string mdat txtt MooV QuickTime movie file (mdat)
The format of the file is described in magic(5). The only difference
here is that for each entry in the magic file, the message for the ini‐
tial offset must be be 4 characters for the CREATOR followed by 4 char‐
acters for the TYPE — white space is optional between them. Any other
characters on this line are ignored. Continuation lines (starting with
a `>') are also ignored, i.e., only the initial offset lines are used.
Using -magic may significantly increase processing time as each file
has to opened and read to find its magic number.
In summary, for all files, the default CREATOR is Unix and the default
TYPE is TEXT. These can be changed by using entries in the .genisoim‐
agerc file or by using -hfs-creator and/or -hfs-type.
If the a file is in one of the known Apple/Unix formats (and the format
has been selected), the CREATOR and TYPE are taken from the values
stored in the Apple/Unix file.
Other files can have their CREATOR and TYPE set from their filename ex‐
tension (with -map), or their magic number (with -magic). If the de‐
fault match is used in the mapping file, these values override the de‐
fault CREATOR and TYPE.
A full CREATOR/TYPE database can be found at http://www.an‐
gelfire.com/il/szekely/.
HFS MACINTOSH FILE FORMATS
Macintosh files have two parts called the Data and Resource fork. Ei‐
ther may be empty. Unix (and many other OSs) can only cope with files
having one part (or fork). To add to this, Macintosh files have a num‐
ber of attributes associated with them — probably the most important
are the TYPE and CREATOR. Again, Unix has no concept of these types of
attributes.
E.g., a Macintosh file may be a JPEG image where the image is stored in
the Data fork and a desktop thumbnail stored in the Resource fork. It
is usually the information in the data fork that is useful across plat‐
forms.
Therefore to store a Macintosh file on a Unix filesystem, a way has to
be found to cope with the two forks and the extra attributes (which are
referred to as the Finder info). Unfortunately, it seems that every
software package that stores Macintosh files on Unix has chosen a com‐
pletely different storage method.
The Apple/Unix formats that genisoimage (partially) supports are:
CAP AUFS format
Data fork stored in a file. Resource fork in subdirectory .re‐
source with same filename as data fork. Finder info in subdirec‐
tory .finderinfo with same filename.
AppleDouble/Netatalk
Data fork stored in a file. Resource fork stored in a file with
same name prefixed with `%'. Finder info also stored in same `%'
file. Netatalk uses the same format, but the resource
fork/Finder info stored in subdirectory .AppleDouble with same
filename as data fork.
AppleSingle
Data structures similar to above, except both forks and Finder
info are stored in one file.
Helios EtherShare
Data fork stored in a file. Resource fork and Finder info to‐
gether in subdirectory .rsrc with same filename as data fork.
IPT UShare
Like the EtherShare format, but the Finder info is stored
slightly differently.
MacBinary
Both forks and Finder info stored in one file.
Apple PC Exchange
Used by Macintoshes to store Apple files on DOS (FAT) disks.
Data fork stored in a file. Resource fork in subdirectory re‐
source.frk (or RESOURCE.FRK). Finder info as one record in file
finder.dat (or FINDER.DAT). Separate finder.dat for each data
fork directory.
Note: genisoimage needs to know the native FAT cluster size of
the disk that the PC Exchange files are on (or have been copied
from). This size is given by -cluster-size. The cluster or al‐
location size can be found by using the DOS utility chkdsk.
May not work with PC Exchange v2.2 or higher files (available
with MacOS 8.1). DOS media containing PC Exchange files should
be mounted as type msdos (not vfat) when using Linux.
SGI/XINET
Used by SGI machines when they mount HFS disks. Data fork stored
in a file. Resource fork in subdirectory .HSResource with same
filename. Finder info as one record in file .HSancillary. Sep‐
arate .HSancillary for each data fork directory.
Thursby Software Systems DAVE
Allows Macintoshes to store Apple files on SMB servers. Data
fork stored in a file. Resource fork in subdirectory re‐
source.frk. Uses the AppleDouble format to store resource fork.
Services for Macintosh
Format of files stored by NT Servers on NTFS filesystems. Data
fork is stored as filename. Resource fork stored as a NTFS
stream called filename:AFP_Resource. The Finder info is stored
as a NTFS stream called filename:Afp_AfpInfo. NTFS streams are
normally invisible to the user.
Warning: genisoimage only partially supports the SFM format. If
an HFS file or folder stored on the NT server contains an ille‐
gal NT character in its name, NT converts these characters to
Private Use Unicode characters. The characters are: " * / < > ?
\ | and a space or period if it is the last character of the
filename, character codes 0x01 to 0x1f (control characters) and
Apple's apple logo.
Unfortunately, these private Unicode characters are not readable
by the genisoimage NT executable. Therefore any file or direc‐
tory name containing these characters will be ignored — includ‐
ing the contents of any such directory.
Mac OS X AppleDouble
When HFS/HFS+ files are copied or saved by Mac OS X on to a non-
HFS filesystem (e.g. UFS, NFS etc.), the files are stored in Ap‐
pleDouble format. Data fork stored in a file. Resource fork
stored in a file with same name prefixed with `._'. Finder info
also stored in same `._' file.
Mac OS X HFS (Alpha)
Not really an Apple/Unix encoding, but actual HFS/HFS+ files on
a Mac OS X system. Data fork stored in a file. Resource fork
stored in a pseudo file with the same name with the suffix
/rsrc. The Finder info is only available via a Mac OS X library
call.
See also README.macosx.
Only works when used on Mac OS X.
If a file is found with a zero length resource fork and empty
finderinfo, it is assumed not to have any Apple/Unix encoding —
therefore a TYPE and CREATOR can be set using other methods.
genisoimage will attempt to set the CREATOR, TYPE, date and possibly
other flags from the finder info. Additionally, if it exists, the Mac‐
intosh filename is set from the finder info, otherwise the Macintosh
name is based on the Unix filename — see the HFS MACINTOSH FILENAMES
section below.
When using -apple, the TYPE and CREATOR are stored in the optional Sys‐
tem Use or SUSP field in the ISO9660 Directory Record — in much the
same way as the Rock Ridge attributes are. In fact to make life easy,
the Apple extensions are added at the beginning of the existing Rock
Ridge attributes (i.e., to get the Apple extensions you get the Rock
Ridge extensions as well).
The Apple extensions require the resource fork to be stored as an
ISO9660 associated file. This is just like any normal file stored in
the ISO9660 filesystem except that the associated file flag is set in
the Directory Record (bit 2). This file has the same name as the data
fork (the file seen by non-Apple machines). Associated files are nor‐
mally ignored by other OSs
When using -hfs, the TYPE and CREATOR plus other finder info, are
stored in a separate HFS directory, not visible on the ISO9660 volume.
The HFS directory references the same data and resource fork files de‐
scribed above.
In most cases, it is better to use -hfs instead of -apple, as the lat‐
ter imposes the limited ISO9660 characters allowed in filenames. How‐
ever, the Apple extensions do give the advantage that the files are
packed on the disk more efficiently and it may be possible to fit more
files on a CD.
HFS MACINTOSH FILENAMES
Where possible, the HFS filename that is stored with an Apple/Unix file
is used for the HFS part of the CD. However, not all the Apple/Unix en‐
codings store the HFS filename with the finderinfo. In these cases, the
Unix filename is used — with escaped special characters. Special char‐
acters include `/' and characters with codes over 127.
AUFS escapes these characters by using `:' followed by the character
code as two hex digits. Netatalk and EtherShare have a similar scheme,
but uses `%' instead of a `:'.
If genisoimage cannot find an HFS filename, it uses the Unix name, with
any %xx or :xx characters (xx are two hex digits) converted to a single
character code. If xx are not hex digits ([0-9a-fA-F]), they are left
alone — although any remaining `:' is converted to `%', as `:' is the
HFS directory separator. Care must be taken, as an ordinary Unix file
with %xx or :xx will also be converted. e.g.
This:2fFile converted to This/File
This:File converted to This%File
This:t7File converted to This%t7File
Although HFS filenames appear to support uppercase and lowercase let‐
ters, the filesystem is case-insensitive, i.e., the filenames aBc and
AbC are the same. If a file is found in a directory with the same HFS
name, genisoimage will attempt to make a unique name by adding `_'
characters to one of the filenames.
If an HFS filename exists for a file, genisoimage can use this name as
the starting point for the ISO9660, Joliet and Rock Ridge filenames us‐
ing -mac-name. Normal Unix files without an HFS name will still use
their Unix name. e.g.
If a MacBinary (or PC Exchange) file is stored as someimage.gif.bin on
the Unix filesystem, but contains a HFS file called someimage.gif, this
is the name that would appear on the HFS part of the CD. However, as
genisoimage uses the Unix name as the starting point for the other
names, the ISO9660 name generated will probably be SOMEIMAG.BIN and the
Joliet/Rock Ridge would be someimage.gif.bin. This option will use the
HFS filename as the starting point and the ISO9660 name will probably
be SOMEIMAG.GIF and the Joliet/Rock Ridge would be someimage.gif.
-mac-name will not currently work with -T — the Unix name will be used
in the TRANS.TBL file, not the Macintosh name.
The character set used to convert any HFS filename to a Joliet/Rock
Ridge filename defaults to cp10000 (Mac Roman). The character set used
can be specified using -input-hfs-charset. Other built-in HFS charac‐
ter sets are: cp10006 (MacGreek), cp10007 (MacCyrillic), cp10029
(MacLatin2), cp10079 (MacIcelandandic) and cp10081 (MacTurkish).
Note: the character codes used by HFS filenames taken from the various
Apple/Unix formats will not be converted as they are assumed to be in
the correct Apple character set. Only the Joliet/Rock Ridge names de‐
rived from the HFS filenames will be converted.
The existing genisoimage code will filter out any illegal characters
for the ISO9660 and Joliet filenames, but as genisoimage expects to be
dealing directly with Unix names, it leaves the Rock Ridge names as is.
But as `/' is a legal HFS filename character, -mac-name converts `/' to
a `_' in Rock Ridge filenames.
If the Apple extensions are used, only the ISO9660 filenames will ap‐
pear on the Macintosh. However, as the Macintosh ISO9660 drivers can
use Level 2 filenames, you can use options like -allow-multidot without
problems on a Macintosh — still take care over the names, for example
this.file.name will be converted to THIS.FILE i.e. only have one `.',
also filename abcdefgh will be seen as ABCDEFGH but abcdefghi will be
seen as ABCDEFGHI. i.e. with a `.' at the end — don't know if this is
a Macintosh problem or a genisoimage/mkhybrid problem. All filenames
will be in uppercase when viewed on a Macintosh. Of course, DOS/Win3.X
machines will not be able to see Level 2 filenames...
HFS CUSTOM VOLUME/FOLDER ICONS
To give a HFS CD a custom icon, make sure the root (top level) folder
includes a standard Macintosh volume icon file. To give a volume a cus‐
tom icon on a Macintosh, an icon has to be pasted over the volume's
icon in the "Get Info" box of the volume. This creates an invisible
file called Icon\r (`\r' is the carriage return character) in the root
folder.
A custom folder icon is very similar — an invisible file called Icon\r
exists in the folder itself.
Probably the easiest way to create a custom icon that genisoimage can
use is to format a blank HFS floppy disk on a Mac and paste an icon to
its "Get Info" box. If using Linux with the HFS module installed, mount
the floppy:
mount -t hfs /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy
The floppy will be mounted as a CAP filesystem by default. Then run
genisoimage using something like:
genisoimage --cap -o output source_dir /mnt/floppy
If you are not using Linux, you can use hfsutils to copy the icon file
from the floppy. However, care has to be taken, as the icon file con‐
tains a control character. For example:
hmount /dev/fd0
hdir -a
hcopy -m Icon^V^M icon_dir/icon
Where `^V^M' is control-V followed by control-M. Then run genisoimage
by using something like:
genisoimage --macbin -o output source_dir icon_dir
The procedure for creating/using custom folder icons is very similar —
paste an icon to folder's "Get Info" box and transfer the resulting
Icon\r file to the relevant directory in the genisoimage source tree.
You may want to hide the icon files from the ISO9660 and Joliet trees.
To give a custom icon to a Joliet CD, follow the instructions found at
http://www.cdrfaq.org/faq03.html#S3-21-1.
HFS BOOT DRIVER
It may be possible to make the hybrid CD bootable on a Macintosh.
A bootable HFS CD requires an Apple CD-ROM (or compatible) driver, a
bootable HFS partition and the necessary System, Finder, etc. files.
A driver can be obtained from any other Macintosh bootable CD-ROM using
the apple_driver utility. This file can then be used with
-boot-hfs-file.
The HFS partition (i.e. the hybrid disk in our case) must contain a
suitable System Folder, again from another CD-ROM or disk.
For a partition to be bootable, it must have its boot block set. The
boot block is in the first two blocks of a partition. For a non-
bootable partition the boot block is full of zeros. Normally, when a
System file is copied to partition on a Macintosh disk, the boot block
is filled with a number of required settings — unfortunately I don't
know the full spec for the boot block, so I'm guessing that the follow‐
ing will work.
Therefore, the utility apple_driver also extracts the boot block from
the first HFS partition it finds on the given CD-ROM and this is used
for the HFS partition created by genisoimage.
Please note: By using a driver from an Apple CD and copying Apple soft‐
ware to your CD, you become liable to obey Apple Computer, Inc. Soft‐
ware License Agreements.
EL TORITO BOOT INFORMATION TABLE
When -boot-info-table is given, genisoimage will modify the boot file
specified by -b by inserting a 56-byte boot information table at offset
8 in the file. This modification is done in the source filesystem, so
make sure you use a copy if this file is not easily recreated! This
file contains pointers which may not be easily or reliably obtained at
boot time.
The format of this table is as follows; all integers are in section
7.3.1 ("little endian") format.
Offset Name Size Meaning
8 bi_pvd 4 bytes LBA of primary volume descriptor
12 bi_file 4 bytes LBA of boot file
16 bi_length 4 bytes Boot file length in bytes
20 bi_csum 4 bytes 32-bit checksum
24 bi_reserved 40 bytes Reserved
The 32-bit checksum is the sum of all the 32-bit words in the
boot file starting at byte offset 64. All linear block ad‐
dresses (LBAs) are given in CD sectors (normally 2048 bytes).
HPPA NOTES
To make a bootable CD for HPPA, at the very least a boot loader file
(-hppa-bootloader), a kernel image file (32-bit, 64-bit, or both, de‐
pending on hardware) and a boot command line (-hppa-cmdline) must be
specified. Some systems can boot either a 32- or a 64-bit kernel, and
the firmware will choose one if both are present. Optionally, a
ramdisk can be used for the root filesystem using -hppa-cmdline.
JIGDO NOTES
Jigdo is a tool to help in the distribution of large files like CD and
DVD images; see http://atterer.org/jigdo/ for more details. Debian CDs
and DVD ISO images are published on the web in jigdo format to allow
end users to download them more efficiently.
To create jigdo and template files alongside the ISO image from
genisoimage, you must first generate a list of the files that will be
used, in the following format:
MD5sum File size Path
32 chars 12 chars to end of line
The MD5sum must be written in standard hexadecimal notation, the file
size must list the size of the file in bytes, and the path must list
the absolute path to the file. For example:
00006dcd58ff0756c36d2efae21be376 14736 /mirror/debian/file1
000635c69b254a1be8badcec3a8d05c1 211822 /mirror/debian/file2
00083436a3899a09633fc1026ef1e66e 22762 /mirror/debian/file3
Once you have this file, call genisoimage with all of your normal com‐
mand-line parameters. Specify the output filenames for the jigdo and
template files using -jigdo-jigdo and -jigdo-template, and pass in the
location of your MD5 list with -md5-list.
If there are files that you do NOT want to be added into the jigdo file
(e.g. if they are likely to change often), specify them using
-jigdo-exclude. If you want to verify some of the files as they are
written into the image, specify them using -jigdo-force-md5. If any
files don't match, genisoimage will then abort. Both of these options
take regular expressions as input. It is possible to restrict the set
of files that will be used further based on size — use the
-jigdo-min-file-size option.
Finally, the jigdo code needs to know how to map the files it is given
onto a mirror-style configuration. Specify how to map paths using
-jigdo-map. Using Debian=/mirror/debian will cause all paths starting
with /mirror/debian to be mapped to Debian:<file> in the output jigdo
file.
EXAMPLES
To create a vanilla ISO9660 filesystem image in the file cd.iso, where
the directory cd_dir will become the root directory of the CD, call:
% genisoimage -o cd.iso cd_dir
To create a CD with Rock Ridge extensions of the source directory
cd_dir:
% genisoimage -o cd.iso -R cd_dir
To create a CD with Rock Ridge extensions of the source directory
cd_dir where all files have at least read permission and all files are
owned by root, call:
% genisoimage -o cd.iso -r cd_dir
To write a tar archive directly to a CD that will later contain a sim‐
ple ISO9660 filesystem with the tar archive call:
% tar cf - . | genisoimage -stream-media-size 333000 | \
wodim dev=b,t,l -dao tsize=333000s -
To create a HFS hybrid CD with the Joliet and Rock Ridge extensions of
the source directory cd_dir:
% genisoimage -o cd.iso -R -J -hfs cd_dir
To create a HFS hybrid CD from the source directory cd_dir that con‐
tains Netatalk Apple/Unix files:
% genisoimage -o cd.iso --netatalk cd_dir
To create a HFS hybrid CD from the source directory cd_dir, giving all
files CREATOR and TYPES based on just their filename extensions listed
in the file "mapping".:
% genisoimage -o cd.iso -map mapping cd_dir
To create a CD with the Apple Extensions to ISO9660, from the source
directories cd_dir and another_dir. Files in all the known Apple/Unix
format are decoded and any other files are given CREATOR and TYPE based
on their magic number given in the file magic:
% genisoimage -o cd.iso -apple -magic magic -probe \
cd_dir another_dir
The following example puts different files on the CD that all have the
name README, but have different contents when seen as a ISO9660/Rock
Ridge, Joliet or HFS CD.
Current directory contains:
% ls -F
README.hfs README.joliet README.Unix cd_dir/
The following command puts the contents of the directory cd_dir on the
CD along with the three README files — but only one will be seen from
each of the three filesystems:
% genisoimage -o cd.iso -hfs -J -r -graft-points \
-hide README.hfs -hide README.joliet \
-hide-joliet README.hfs -hide-joliet README.Unix \
-hide-hfs README.joliet -hide-hfs README.Unix \
README=README.hfs README=README.joliet \
README=README.Unix cd_dir
i.e. the file README.hfs will be seen as README on the HFS CD and the
other two README files will be hidden. Similarly for the Joliet and
ISO9660/Rock Ridge CD.
There are probably all sorts of strange results possible with combina‐
tions of the hide options ...
NOTES
genisoimage may safely be installed suid root. This may be needed to
allow genisoimage to read the previous session when creating a multi‐
session image.
If genisoimage is creating a filesystem image with Rock Ridge attrib‐
utes and the directory nesting level of the source directory tree is
too much for ISO9660, genisoimage will do deep directory relocation.
This results in a directory called RR_MOVED in the root directory of
the CD. You cannot avoid this directory.
Many boot code options for different platforms are mutualy exclusive
because the boot blocks cannot coexist, ie. different platforms share
the same data locations in the image. See http://lists.debian.org/de‐
bian-cd/2006/12/msg00109.html for details.
BUGS
Any files that have hard links to files not in the tree being copied to
the ISO9660 filesystem will have an incorrect file reference count.
Does not check for SUSP record(s) in `.' entry of the root directory to
verify the existence of Rock Ridge enhancements. This problem is
present when reading old sessions while adding data in multisession
mode.
Does not properly read relocated directories in multisession mode when
adding data. Any relocated deep directory is lost if the new session
does not include the deep directory.
Does not re-use RR_MOVED when doing multisession from TRANS.TBL.
Does not create whole_name entry for RR_MOVED in multisession mode.
There may be other bugs. Please, report them to the maintainers.
HFS PROBLEMS/LIMITATIONS
I have had to make several assumptions on how I expect the modified
libhfs routines to work, however there may be situations that either I
haven't thought of, or come across when these assumptions fail. There‐
fore I can't guarantee that genisoimage will work as expected (although
I haven't had a major problem yet). Most of the HFS features work fine,
but some are not fully tested. These are marked as Alpha above.
Although HFS filenames appear to support uppercase and lowercase let‐
ters, the filesystem is case-insensitive, i.e., the filenames aBc and
AbC are the same. If a file is found in a directory with the same HFS
name, genisoimage will attempt to make a unique name by adding `_'
characters to one of the filenames.
HFS file/directory names that share the first 31 characters have `_N'
(a decimal number) substituted for the last few characters to generate
unique names.
Care must be taken when "grafting" Apple/Unix files or directories (see
above for the method and syntax involved). It is not possible to use a
new name for an Apple/Unix encoded file/directory. e.g. If a Apple/Unix
encoded file called oldname is to added to the CD, you cannot use the
command line:
genisoimage -o output.raw -hfs -graft-points newname=oldname
cd_dir
genisoimage will be unable to decode oldname. However, you can graft
Apple/Unix encoded files or directories as long as you do not attempt
to give them new names as above.
When creating an HFS volume with the multisession options, -M and -C,
only files in the last session will be in the HFS volume. i.e.
genisoimage cannot add existing files from previous sessions to the HFS
volume.
However, if each session is created with -part, each session will ap‐
pear as separate volumes when mounted on a Mac. In this case, it is
worth using -V or -hfs-volid to give each session a unique volume name,
otherwise each "volume" will appear on the Desktop with the same name.
Symbolic links (as with all other non-regular files) are not added to
the HFS directory.
Hybrid volumes may be larger than pure ISO9660 volumes containing the
same data. In some cases (e.g. DVD sized volumes) the difference can be
significant. As an HFS volume gets bigger, so does the allocation block
size (the smallest amount of space a file can occupy). For a 650MB CD,
the allocation block is 10kB, for a 4.7GB DVD it will be about 70kB.
The maximum number of files in an HFS volume is about 65500 — although
the real limit will be somewhat less than this.
The resulting hybrid volume can be accessed on a Unix machine by using
the hfsutils routines. However, no changes can be made to the volume as
it is set as locked. The option -hfs-unlock will create an output im‐
age that is unlocked — however no changes should be made to the con‐
tents of the volume (unless you really know what you are doing) as it's
not a "real" HFS volume.
-mac-name will not currently work with -T — the Unix name will be used
in the TRANS.TBL file, not the Macintosh name.
Although genisoimage does not alter the contents of a file, if a binary
file has its TYPE set as TEXT, it may be read incorrectly on a Macin‐
tosh. Therefore a better choice for the default TYPE may be ????.
-mac-boot-file may not work at all...
May not work with PC Exchange v2.2 or higher files (available with Ma‐
cOS 8.1). DOS media containing PC Exchange files should be mounted as
type msdos (not vfat) when using Linux.
The SFM format is only partially supported — see HFS MACINTOSH FILE
FORMATS section above.
It is not possible to use -sparc-boot or -generic-boot with
-boot-hfs-file or -prep-boot.
genisoimage should be able to create HFS hybrid images over 4Gb, al‐
though this has not been fully tested.
SEE ALSO
genisoimagerc(5), wodim(1), mkzftree(8), magic(5).
AUTHORS
genisoimage is derived from mkisofs from the cdrtools 2.01.01a08 pack‐
age from May 2006 (with few updates extracted from cdrtools 2.01.01a24
from March 2007) from .IR http://cdrecord.berlios.de/ , but is now part
of the cdrkit suite, maintained by Joerg Jaspert, Eduard Bloch, Steve
McIntyre, Peter Samuelson, Christian Fromme, Ben Hutchings, and other
contributors. The maintainers can be contacted at debburn-de‐
[email protected], or see the cdrkit project web site at
http://www.cdrkit.org/.
Eric Youngdale wrote the first versions (1993–1998) of mkisofs. Jörg
Schilling wrote the SCSI transport library and its interface, and has
maintained mkisofs since 1999. James Pearson wrote the HFS hybrid
code, using libhfs by Robert Leslie. Pearson, Schilling, Jungshik Shin
and Jaakko Heinonen contributed to the character set conversion code.
The cdrkit maintainers have maintained genisoimage since 2006.
Copyright 1993-1998 by Yggdrasil Computing, Inc.
Copyright 1996-1997 by Robert Leslie
Copyright 1997-2001 by James Pearson
Copyright 1999-2006 by Jörg Schilling
Copyright 2007 by Jörg Schilling (originating few updates)
Copyright 2002-2003 by Jungshik Shin
Copyright 2003 by Jaakko Heinonen
Copyright 2006 by the Cdrkit maintainers
If you want to take part in the development of genisoimage, you may
join the cdrkit developer mailing list by following the instructions on
http://alioth.debian.org/mail/?group_id=31006. The email address of
the list is [email protected]. This is also the
address for user support questions. Note that cdrkit and cdrtools are
not affiliated.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the US and other
countries.
13 Dec 2006 GENISOIMAGE(1)